Postgraduate Science

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Path Integrals

Sum-over-histories — interference of classical trajectories yields quantum amplitudes.

Feynman: the propagator from $(q_a, t_a)$ to $(q_b, t_b)$ is

$$K = \int \mathcal{D}[q]\, e^{iS[q]/\hbar}.$$

Stationary phase recovers classical mechanics: paths near $\delta S = 0$ interfere constructively, others cancel. Wick rotation $t\to -i\tau$ converts the oscillatory integrand to a Boltzmann weight, turning a $d$-dimensional QFT into a $(d{+}1)$-dimensional statistical mechanics problem. In field theory:

$$Z = \int \mathcal{D}\phi\, e^{i\int d^4x\, \mathcal L[\phi]}.$$

Interactive: path interference

Many paths from A to B with random kinks; each contributes $e^{iS/\hbar}$. The classical (straight) path dominates when actions are large in units of $\hbar$.

Quiz

1. The path integral sums over:
2. Wick rotation $t \to -i\tau$ gives:
3. Classical limit emerges via:
4. The Euclidean path integral with periodic time of period $\beta\hbar$ computes:
5. Free-particle propagator $K(x,t;0,0)$ in 1D scales with $t$ as: